Easy2Siksha

GNDU Question Paper-2022

Ba/BSc 5

Semester

English (Compulsory)

Time Allowed: 3 Hrs. Maximum Marks: 50

Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The

Fifth question may be attempted from any section.

SECTION-A

1. Why did Joe commit suicide in All My Sons ? Explain it in detail.

2. Discuss the theme of Guilt, Conflict and Morality in All My Sons.

SECTION-B

3. Discuss the Central Idea of the poem 'Dover Beach.'

4. Explain the following stanza with reference to the context:

O Lord, breaking false religion,

Save the blind!

Break! O break

The alter that is drowned in blood.

Let your thunder strike

Into the prison of false religion,

And bring to this unhappy land

The light of Knowledge.

Easy2Siksha

SECTION-C

5. Write a letter to the Editor of the Newspaper describing the deaths due to Covid-19 in

your city.

6. Write an application for the post of Research Associate in a Research Center.

SECTION-D

7. Write a Resume for the job of a Manager in a Bank.

8. Write down a report on the Election preparation in your District.

Easy2Siksha

GNDU Answers Paper-2022

Ba/BSc 5

Semester

English (Compulsory)

Time Allowed: 3 Hrs. Maximum Marks: 50

Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The

Fifth question may be attempted from any section.

SECTION-A

1. Discuss First Anglo Sikh War.

Ans: The First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–1846) was a significant conflict between the British East India

Company and the Sikh Empire, leading to the eventual British control over Punjab in northern India.

This war is important because it was the first major military engagement between these two powers.

To simplify the topic, we'll break it down into its causes, events, consequences, and outcomes in a

way that's easy to understand.

Background of the Sikh Empire

The Sikh Empire was a powerful state in northern India, founded by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. It

was a well-organized and militarily strong empire, and Ranjit Singh ruled for about 40 years

until his death in 1839. Under his leadership, the Sikh army, known as the Khalsa, became

one of the most disciplined forces in the region. Ranjit Singh's diplomacy kept the British at

bay, and Punjab remained independent from British rule. However, after his death, there

was political instability and a power struggle in the Sikh Empire.

Causes of the First Anglo-Sikh War

The war between the British East India Company and the Sikh Empire happened due to

multiple reasons:

1. Political Instability after Ranjit Singh's Death: After Maharaja Ranjit Singh's death,

the Sikh Empire lacked strong leadership. His successors were weak, and there were

constant fights for power among the Sikh nobility. This internal instability made the

British see an opportunity to expand their influence in Punjab.

2. British Expansionism: The British had been expanding their territories in India,

defeating various local rulers. They had already conquered many parts of India and

Easy2Siksha

had their eyes on Punjab. The British saw the Sikh Empire as a potential threat

because of its strong military and strategic location near the northwest frontier.

3. Suspicion and Tension: There was mutual suspicion between the Sikh Empire and

the British. The British feared that the Sikhs might form alliances with other enemies

of the British Empire. On the other hand, the Sikhs were suspicious of British

intentions, especially as the British continued to expand their control in northern

India.

4. Sikh Army’s Role: The Sikh army, Khalsa, was a strong and disciplined force, but it

had become very influential and sometimes acted independently of the central

government. Some leaders in the army were eager for war with the British, as they

saw the British as their main rival.

5. Border Disputes: There were disputes between the Sikh Empire and the British over

the Sutlej River, which marked the boundary between British-controlled territories

and the Sikh Empire. The British wanted to control the territory beyond the river,

leading to rising tensions.

Course of the War

The First Anglo-Sikh War began in December 1845 and lasted until March 1846. Several

major battles took place between the two forces:

1. Battle of Mudki (18 December 1845): This was the first major battle of the war. The Sikh

army crossed the Sutlej River and confronted the British near the village of Mudki. The

battle was fierce, but the British forces, led by Sir Hugh Gough, managed to defeat the

Sikhs, although both sides suffered heavy casualties.

2. Battle of Ferozeshah (21–22 December 1845): After Mudki, the British advanced to

Ferozeshah, where another major battle occurred. The British were initially

overwhelmed by the size and strength of the Sikh forces, but the Sikhs failed to

capitalize on their advantage. After two days of intense fighting, the British emerged

victorious.

3. Battle of Aliwal (28 January 1846): This was another important battle in which the

British forces, led by Sir Harry Smith, defeated the Sikhs. The British strategy was to

isolate and weaken the Sikh army, and this battle was a turning point as the Sikhs lost

many men and resources.

4. Battle of Sobraon (10 February 1846): This was the final and decisive battle of the First

Anglo-Sikh War. The Sikh forces were entrenched on the east bank of the Sutlej River.

The British launched a well-coordinated attack and, after heavy fighting, broke through

the Sikh defenses. The Sikhs suffered heavy losses, and the British achieved a complete

victory.

Easy2Siksha

Consequences of the War

The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Lahore in March 1846. The consequences of

the war were significant for both the Sikh Empire and the British:

1. Territorial Losses for the Sikhs: The Sikh Empire had to cede significant territory to

the British. This included the Jullundur Doab (the land between the Sutlej and Beas

rivers). The British also took control of Kashmir, which they later sold to Gulab Singh,

a former Sikh general who became the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir.

2. Reduction of the Sikh Army: Under the terms of the Treaty of Lahore, the Sikh army

was reduced in size. The Khalsa, once a formidable force, was now much weaker,

making it harder for the Sikh Empire to defend itself in the future.

3. British Residency: A British Resident, Sir Henry Lawrence, was appointed at the Sikh

court in Lahore. This gave the British significant influence over the internal affairs of

the Sikh Empire. While the Sikh Empire was still officially independent, the British

were now in a position to control much of its governance.

4. Indemnity: The Sikh Empire had to pay a large indemnity to the British, which

further weakened its finances and economic stability.

Significance and Aftermath

The First Anglo-Sikh War was a critical moment in Indian history, marking the beginning of

the end of the Sikh Empire’s independence. Although the war did not result in the

immediate annexation of Punjab, it set the stage for the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849,

which ultimately led to the complete annexation of Punjab by the British.

The war also demonstrated the strength and discipline of the Sikh army. Despite their

internal political weaknesses, the Sikh soldiers fought bravely and inflicted heavy losses on

the British forces. However, the lack of unity among the Sikh leadership and the betrayal of

some key officials weakened their chances of winning the war.

For the British, the war was a test of their military capabilities in India. It showed that while

they could defeat strong local powers, they needed to be cautious when dealing with the

highly trained Sikh army. The British used diplomacy and force to weaken the Sikh Empire

further, ensuring that Punjab would eventually fall under British control.

Impact on British India

The First Anglo-Sikh War expanded British territory in northern India and increased their

influence over the region. Punjab was one of the most fertile and strategically important

areas in India, and controlling it gave the British access to trade routes and resources that

would strengthen their economic position.

Moreover, the victory in the First Anglo-Sikh War boosted British confidence in their ability

to conquer and control other parts of India. It also served as a warning to other Indian rulers

about the growing power of the British East India Company.

Easy2Siksha

Conclusion

The First Anglo-Sikh War was a key conflict that changed the political landscape of northern

India. The war resulted from a combination of British expansionist policies and internal

instability within the Sikh Empire. Although the Sikhs fought bravely, they were ultimately

defeated due to a lack of unity and the superior resources of the British. The war ended with

the Treaty of Lahore, which weakened the Sikh Empire and paved the way for its eventual

annexation by the British.

This war is a reminder of the complex dynamics of power, politics, and military strength

during British colonial rule in India. It marked the beginning of the end for one of India's last

major independent empires, and its consequences were felt for years to come.

2. Explain the working of Board of Administration of the British Rule.

Ans: The Board of Administration during British rule in India refers to the administrative

system set up by the British to govern the country. The British initially came to India as

traders under the East India Company but gradually took over the administration. The

structure of administration evolved over time, with the introduction of several reforms and

policies aimed at consolidating British power in India.

Early British Administration in India

Initially, the British East India Company was a trading company, but by the mid-18th

century, it had gained considerable political power. After the Battle of Plassey in 1757, the

Company began to control large parts of India. It was during this period that the British

established a formal administrative structure to govern their territories.

Governor-General and Council

The first important administrative reform was the appointment of a Governor-General who

was responsible for overseeing British interests in India. The Governor-General was assisted

by a council, and together they formed the highest administrative body in British India. The

council was initially composed of four members who helped in decision-making and policy

formulation.

The Regulating Act of 1773 was a key turning point in the British administration of India. This

act aimed to bring the East India Company under the control of the British government. It

created the post of Governor-General and established the council to assist him. The first

Governor-General of Bengal was Warren Hastings, who is often credited with laying the

foundation of British administrative policies in India.

Centralized Administration

The British gradually centralized their administration in India to exert more control over the

vast territory. In 1833, the Charter Act was passed, which made the Governor-General of

Bengal the Governor-General of India, giving him authority over all British territories in

Easy2Siksha

India. Lord William Bentinck became the first Governor-General of India, and this act

marked the formalization of centralized British rule in the country.

The Board of Control was established in England to oversee the Company’s activities in

India. The board had the power to direct, supervise, and control the actions of the East India

Company. The board was an essential part of the British government's control over Indian

affairs and played a crucial role in shaping policy and administration in India.

Civil Service and Bureaucracy

One of the most significant aspects of British administration in India was the establishment

of a well-organized civil service. The Indian Civil Service (ICS), later known as the Imperial

Civil Service, was the backbone of the British administrative structure. British officers were

recruited and trained to serve in various capacities, managing the day-to-day governance of

the country.

The ICS officers were responsible for implementing policies, maintaining law and order,

collecting taxes, and ensuring the smooth functioning of the government. The British

believed in maintaining strict discipline and efficiency in their administrative system, and the

ICS was known for its competence and impartiality.

However, the ICS was largely dominated by British officials, with very few Indians being able

to enter its ranks. This lack of representation led to growing resentment among the Indian

population, as they felt excluded from the decision-making process of their own country.

Judicial Reforms

The British also introduced several judicial reforms to streamline the legal system in India.

Under the leadership of Warren Hastings, a dual legal system was introduced, with separate

laws for Hindus and Muslims. Over time, the British introduced a more unified legal system

that applied to all Indians, regardless of religion or caste.

In 1861, the Indian High Courts Act was passed, which created high courts in Bombay,

Calcutta, and Madras. These courts were modeled after British legal institutions and played

an essential role in administering justice in British India. The British legal system emphasized

fairness, although many Indians felt that the system was biased in favor of British interests.

Revenue and Taxation System

The British also reorganized the revenue and taxation system in India to increase their

control over the economy. One of the most significant changes was the introduction of the

Permanent Settlement of Bengal in 1793 by Lord Cornwallis. Under this system, the land

revenue was fixed permanently, and zamindars (landowners) were responsible for collecting

taxes from the peasants. This system provided stability to the British government, but it led

to the exploitation of peasants, as zamindars often collected more than what was required.

The Ryotwari and Mahalwari systems were introduced in other parts of India to manage

land revenue. These systems aimed to collect taxes directly from the cultivators (ryots) or

through village communities (mahal), respectively. The revenue collection system was

Easy2Siksha

crucial to the British administration, as it provided them with the financial resources needed

to maintain their rule.

Military and Police Forces

The British relied heavily on the military to maintain control over India. The British Indian

Army was a key component of their administration, and it was used to suppress revolts and

maintain internal security. The army was composed of British officers and Indian soldiers

(sepoys), although the sepoys were often treated unfairly compared to their British

counterparts.

The British also established a police force to maintain law and order in India. The Police Act

of 1861 created a formal police structure, with British officers overseeing the Indian police

personnel. The police force played a critical role in suppressing dissent and maintaining

British control over the population.

Railways and Communication

One of the significant contributions of British administration in India was the development

of infrastructure, particularly railways and communication systems. The British built an

extensive railway network to facilitate the movement of goods, troops, and officials across

the country. This infrastructure helped the British to exert better control over their

territories and also contributed to economic growth.

The telegraph system was another essential communication tool that the British introduced

in India. The telegraph allowed for quick communication between different parts of the

country, enabling the British to respond swiftly to any threats or uprisings.

Educational Reforms

The British introduced several educational reforms to create a class of Indians who would

assist in the administration of the country. The Macaulay Minute of 1835 advocated for the

introduction of English education in India, with a focus on producing English-speaking

Indians who could serve as intermediaries between the British rulers and the Indian

population.

The establishment of schools, colleges, and universities in major cities such as Calcutta,

Bombay, and Madras provided education to the Indian elite. However, the British

educational system was aimed primarily at creating a workforce that would serve the needs

of the British administration rather than promoting widespread education among the

masses.

Economic Impact

The British administration had a profound impact on the Indian economy. They

implemented policies that favored British industries, leading to the decline of traditional

Indian industries such as textiles. India became a source of raw materials for British

factories, and its economy became dependent on British trade and investment.

Easy2Siksha

The British also introduced modern banking systems and established institutions such as the

Reserve Bank of India to manage the financial affairs of the country. However, their

economic policies were designed to benefit Britain at the expense of India, leading to

widespread poverty and economic exploitation.

Challenges and Criticism

The British administration in India faced several challenges, including resistance from the

Indian population. The Revolt of 1857, also known as the First War of Indian Independence,

was a major challenge to British rule. Although the revolt was suppressed, it led to

significant changes in the administration, with the British Crown taking direct control of

India in 1858, ending the rule of the East India Company.

The British administration was often criticized for its oppressive policies and lack of

representation for Indians in the decision-making process. The Indian National Congress was

formed in 1885 to demand greater political rights and participation for Indians. Over time,

the demand for independence grew stronger, and the British were forced to introduce

reforms such as the Government of India Act of 1935, which granted limited self-

government to Indians.

Conclusion

The British administration in India was a complex and highly centralized system that evolved

over time. It brought several changes to Indian society, including judicial, educational, and

infrastructural developments. However, the British rule was primarily aimed at serving

British interests, and it led to the exploitation of India's resources and people. The lack of

political representation for Indians and the economic policies that favored Britain created

widespread discontent, eventually leading to the demand for independence.

SECTION-B

3. Explain the British policy towards agriculture, trade and industry.

Ans: The British policies towards agriculture, trade, and industry in India had long-lasting

effects on the country's economic structure. The British colonial government shaped these

sectors primarily to benefit their own economy, often at the expense of Indian resources

and industries.

Agriculture

One of the most significant impacts of British rule on agriculture was the introduction of the

zamindari system. Under this system, local landlords, or "zamindars," were made

responsible for collecting taxes from the farmers on behalf of the British government. This

often led to the exploitation of farmers, who had to pay high taxes even in years of poor

harvests. Many farmers were forced to take loans from moneylenders, leading to a cycle of

debt. The focus of agriculture shifted from subsistence farming to cash crops such as cotton,

Easy2Siksha

indigo, tea, and opium, which were exported to Britain. This change in crop patterns

resulted in food shortages and famines in India, as less land was available for growing staple

crops like rice and wheat.

Additionally, the Permanent Settlement of Bengal in 1793 worsened the situation. It fixed

land revenue rates, benefiting zamindars but severely hurting farmers, who could not afford

to pay high taxes during poor agricultural seasons. The exploitation and neglect of

traditional farming practices, combined with the focus on commercial crops, disrupted

India's agricultural sustainability.

The British also brought in technologies like railways and canals, which helped in the

movement of goods, but their primary goal was to improve the extraction and export of raw

materials. While these infrastructures were beneficial, they mainly served British economic

interests, not the local Indian population.

Trade

The British adopted a mercantilist approach, where India was turned into a supplier of raw

materials for Britain and a market for its manufactured goods. Before British rule, India was

a leading exporter of textiles, especially cotton and silk. Indian textiles were in demand

across Europe. However, the British East India Company manipulated the trade to benefit

British industries by imposing high tariffs on Indian textiles, while duty-free British goods

flooded Indian markets.

This led to the destruction of Indian handicrafts and local industries, particularly in the

textile sector. Indian artisans and weavers lost their livelihood as British manufactured

textiles, produced in industrial mills, replaced Indian goods. This de-industrialization of India

left the economy heavily reliant on agriculture.

Moreover, the British imposed monopolies on certain items like salt, opium, and indigo,

controlling both production and sale. Indian farmers were forced to cultivate indigo, often

under harsh conditions, to meet the demands of British industries. The Indigo Rebellion of

1859-1860 was a direct result of this exploitation, as farmers refused to grow indigo under

unfair conditions. The trade policies effectively converted India into a raw material supplier,

heavily dependent on British trade routes and products.

Industry

India's industrial development was deliberately suppressed by British policies. The colonial

rulers did not encourage local industries, as they saw India primarily as a source of raw

materials. The introduction of British-made goods in India led to the decline of Indian

industries, particularly the textile industry.

After the Industrial Revolution in Britain, machine-made goods, especially textiles, were

produced in large quantities. These goods were exported to India, where they replaced

traditional, handmade products. The Indian market was flooded with cheaper British goods,

making it impossible for Indian artisans to compete.

Easy2Siksha

By the mid-19th century, industries in India, such as textile production in Bengal and

Gujarat, had largely been destroyed. Instead, British policies focused on developing

plantations and mining industries, which were essential for the British economy. The tea,

coffee, and indigo plantations were established to serve the demands of the British market.

Additionally, the British introduced railways primarily to transport raw materials from the

interior to ports for export.

In the late 19th century, Indian entrepreneurs like Jamsetji Tata started to push for

industrialization, especially in sectors like steel. However, British policies were more

supportive of European businesses, and Indian industrialists faced numerous challenges,

including a lack of access to capital and technology. Despite these hurdles, India’s industrial

base began to grow slowly towards the end of British rule, particularly in cities like Bombay

and Calcutta, where industries like textiles and jute started to take root.

Conclusion

The British policies towards agriculture, trade, and industry were primarily designed to

benefit Britain. Agriculture was reoriented to serve the British economy, focusing on cash

crops rather than food security for Indians. Trade policies destroyed local industries,

especially in textiles, by flooding the Indian market with British goods and imposing

monopolies on essential commodities. Industrialization in India was severely restricted to

keep the country dependent on Britain. While some infrastructural developments, like

railways and canals, took place, these primarily served colonial economic interests rather

than the development of India's economy. The long-term impact of these policies left India

impoverished and heavily reliant on agriculture, with a weakened industrial base

4. Explain the spread of modern education in Punjab.

Ans: The spread of modern education in Punjab began under British rule after the

annexation of Punjab in 1849. Before this period, education in the region was largely

informal and traditional. Indigenous schools were common but often lacked structure,

proper funding, and oversight. These schools were dependent on the support of local

zamindars (landowners) and villagers, making them unstable. The British saw this

disorganized system as an opportunity to introduce a more formal education system,

aligning it with their colonial agenda.

Early British Efforts (1849–1854)

Following the annexation, the British were initially focused on political control and economic

exploitation rather than educational reforms. However, they recognized the importance of

establishing schools to promote Western education, which would help in producing a class

of Indians who could assist in administration and governance. One of the first significant

steps was taken in 1848 when Mr. Edwardes, the Superintendent of the Hill States,

established the first government school in Punjab. By 1854, several more district and tehsil

Easy2Siksha

(sub-district) level schools had been founded, and primary education began to take root in

the region.

These early schools were funded through local resources, such as educational cess levied on

landowners. The British also encouraged local elites to donate to these schools. By 1854,

there were 24 primary schools and 8 district-level schools, all supported either by

government grants or local contributions. However, these schools were primarily designed

for boys, and girls’ education was virtually non-existent at the time.

The Role of Missionaries

Missionaries played a key role in expanding education in Punjab. They established schools,

particularly for girls, and introduced Western subjects like science, mathematics, and

English. One of the most notable efforts was by Christian missionaries who opened schools

in major cities like Lahore, Amritsar, and Ludhiana. Their work was instrumental in educating

the local population and introducing modern subjects alongside religious instruction.

Missionary schools also promoted the idea of educating women, which was revolutionary at

the time, given the deeply patriarchal society in Punjab.

The work of missionaries set the foundation for a broader educational reform in the coming

decades, as they sought to uplift local communities through education, healthcare, and

social services.

Wood's Dispatch (1854)

The year 1854 marked a turning point in British educational policy in India with the

introduction of Wood’s Dispatch. This policy advocated for the establishment of a

structured education system across British India, including Punjab. Wood’s Dispatch

emphasized the importance of vernacular languages at the primary level, Western literature

and science at the higher levels, and teacher training institutes. This led to the formation of

universities and an increased focus on Western education.

In Punjab, this policy was implemented gradually. Schools were now required to teach both

in local languages and in English, which became the medium of instruction for higher

education. The British government established more schools and colleges, and the number

of students enrolled in educational institutions began to rise steadily.

Expansion of Higher Education

By the late 19th century, Punjab saw the establishment of higher educational institutions.

The founding of Government College, Lahore, in 1864, marked the beginning of higher

education in the region. This college became a hub of intellectual activity and produced

many prominent figures in the fields of law, politics, and academia.

In addition, the Punjab University was established in 1882, which further accelerated the

spread of modern education. The university initially focused on classical studies but

gradually introduced Western subjects and disciplines like science, law, and medicine.

Easy2Siksha

Higher education institutions became critical for creating a class of Western-educated elites

who were loyal to the British administration. These graduates often found employment in

government services, which was one of the motivations for many to pursue higher

education.

Education for Women

Education for women remained limited throughout much of the 19th century. The British

colonial government did not prioritize women’s education initially, and it was left to

missionaries and social reformers to push for educational opportunities for girls. Christian

missionaries, in particular, made efforts to open schools for girls, and by the late 19th

century, girls’ education began to gain some momentum.

Arya Samaj, a Hindu reform movement, also contributed to women’s education by

establishing schools like Kanya Mahavidyalaya in Jalandhar. These schools aimed to provide

girls with both modern education and traditional values, thus balancing Western education

with cultural preservation.

Impact of Socio-Religious Reform Movements

The spread of modern education in Punjab was closely tied to the socio-religious reform

movements of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Movements like the Arya Samaj and

Singh Sabha played an essential role in promoting education, particularly for women and

marginalized communities. These movements saw education as a tool for social upliftment

and worked to establish schools that catered to both boys and girls.

The Singh Sabha movement, in particular, was influential in promoting Sikh identity through

education. They established Khalsa schools, which combined modern education with

religious teachings, thus fostering both intellectual growth and cultural pride among Sikhs.

Challenges and Limitations

While the spread of modern education in Punjab brought significant changes, it was not

without its challenges. The education system introduced by the British was often criticized

for being elitist and exclusionary. It primarily benefited urban, upper-caste, and wealthy

families, while rural and lower-caste communities had limited access to these institutions.

Moreover, the curriculum was heavily Eurocentric, focusing on Western history, literature,

and science, often at the expense of indigenous knowledge systems. This created a divide

between the Western-educated elites and the rest of the population, many of whom

remained illiterate or received only basic education.

Conclusion

The spread of modern education in Punjab during British rule laid the foundation for the

region’s intellectual and social development. While the British introduced Western

education for their own administrative and economic interests, it also led to the growth of a

new class of educated Punjabis who would later play a crucial role in India’s independence

movement. Education in Punjab, however, was marked by social inequalities, as rural,

Easy2Siksha

lower-caste, and female populations were often left behind in this modernization process.

Despite these challenges, the establishment of schools, colleges, and universities in Punjab

marked the beginning of a new era in education, one that would have lasting impacts on the

region's socio-political landscape.

SECTION-C

5. Discuss socio-religious reform movements with special reference to Arya Samaj's and

Singh Sabha's contribution to the society in Punjab.

Ans: The socio-religious reform movements in Punjab during the 19th century were part of a

broader effort to address the challenges faced by Indian society under British colonial rule.

These movements aimed at reviving traditional values, promoting social reforms, and

addressing religious challenges. Two prominent movements in Punjab were the Arya Samaj

and the Singh Sabha. Both played a significant role in shaping the society of Punjab by

focusing on social upliftment, religious reform, and cultural revival.

Arya Samaj and Its Contribution to Society

Founding and Philosophy: Arya Samaj was founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati in 1875,

with its principles solidified in 1877 in Lahore, which is now part of Pakistan. It was a Hindu

reform movement that sought to return to the teachings of the ancient Vedas, rejecting

idolatry, ritualistic practices, and caste discrimination. The Arya Samaj emphasized

monotheism, the belief in one God, and encouraged people to live virtuous lives based on

Vedic principles. It sought to modernize Hinduism by focusing on education, gender

equality, and social reform.

Social Reform Efforts: Arya Samaj had a deep impact on the society of Punjab, especially in

the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The movement was active in advocating against child

marriage, dowry practices, and caste discrimination. It also promoted widow remarriage,

something that was frowned upon in many conservative sections of Indian society at the

time. By encouraging such progressive reforms, Arya Samaj contributed to the upliftment of

women and the lower castes in Punjab(

Education and Vedic Schools: A major contribution of Arya Samaj was its emphasis on

education. It set up Vedic schools (Gurukuls) across Punjab to provide education based on

ancient Vedic traditions. These schools aimed to free Indian society from the grip of British

education policies, which often promoted Western ideals and culture. The Gurukuls

established by Arya Samaj emphasized character development, moral values, and a

curriculum rooted in Indian culture. This not only helped revive Indian traditions but also

contributed to a growing sense of nationalism among the people of Punjab(

Promotion of Hindu Identity: Arya Samaj was instrumental in promoting a strong Hindu

identity during a time when various religious and social challenges were emerging in Punjab.

It advocated for the protection and promotion of Hindu values and traditions while

denouncing conversions to other religions, particularly Christianity and Islam, which were

Easy2Siksha

gaining ground due to missionary activities during British rule. Through religious discourses,

publications, and public debates, Arya Samaj strengthened the religious and cultural identity

of Hindus in Punjab, creating a sense of pride in their heritage(

Singh Sabha and Its Contribution to Society

Founding and Objectives: The Singh Sabha movement began in the 1870s in Amritsar, with

the aim of revitalizing Sikhism and countering the influences of Christianity, Hindu reform

movements like the Arya Samaj, and Islam. It was started by the Sikh elite who were

concerned about the declining influence of Sikh traditions and practices. The primary goal of

Singh Sabha was to restore Sikhism to its pure form by eliminating superstitions and

practices that had crept in over time.

Religious Reforms: Singh Sabha was critical of both the Arya Samaj and Christian missionary

activities, which they felt were threatening the Sikh way of life. The movement aimed to

bring Sikhs back to their religious roots, emphasizing the teachings of Guru Granth Sahib and

the core principles of Sikhism. One of the main achievements of the Singh Sabha was the

revival of Sikh religious identity. It promoted the use of Punjabi in the Gurmukhi script,

strengthened the importance of the Khalsa identity, and worked towards cleansing Sikhism

of practices that were seen as too closely aligned with Hinduism(

Educational Efforts: Like Arya Samaj, Singh Sabha also understood the importance of

education in social reform. The movement established Khalsa schools and colleges where

Sikh youth could receive a modern education while staying rooted in their religious and

cultural traditions. These institutions became the breeding ground for Sikh intellectuals and

leaders who later played pivotal roles in the political and social arenas of Punjab. Education

was not limited to religious teachings; it included modern subjects, which allowed Sikhs to

advance in various fields(

Cultural Revival and Social Impact: The Singh Sabha also contributed to a broader cultural

revival by promoting Sikh literature, arts, and customs. The movement helped in the

publication of religious texts and the translation of Sikh scriptures into easily accessible

formats. This allowed Sikhs across Punjab to reconnect with their religious heritage.

Additionally, the Singh Sabha worked to eliminate practices like infanticide, drug abuse, and

illiteracy, which were prevalent in some sections of Punjabi society.

Challenges to Caste Discrimination: The Singh Sabha movement, like Arya Samaj,

challenged the caste system, though it operated within a Sikh framework. Sikhism

inherently rejects caste discrimination, and the Singh Sabha emphasized this aspect,

promoting equality and brotherhood among all Sikhs. The movement’s efforts to eliminate

caste barriers in religious institutions were significant, as it paved the way for a more

inclusive religious community(

Comparison of Arya Samaj and Singh Sabha

While both Arya Samaj and Singh Sabha aimed at reforming society and religion in Punjab,

their approaches were distinct due to their respective religious backgrounds. Arya Samaj

sought to reform Hinduism by returning to the Vedas, promoting monotheism, and

Easy2Siksha

addressing social issues such as caste and gender discrimination. On the other hand, Singh

Sabha focused on revitalizing Sikhism by returning to its foundational texts and principles,

promoting a distinct Sikh identity, and countering the influence of other religious

movements.

Both movements, however, shared common ground in their emphasis on education and

social reform. They contributed to the empowerment of marginalized groups, especially

women and the lower castes, and played a crucial role in shaping the social and religious

fabric of Punjab. Their efforts to counter Western influences and revive indigenous

traditions also contributed to the broader nationalist movements that emerged in India

during the colonial period(

Conclusion

The socio-religious reform movements of Arya Samaj and Singh Sabha were instrumental in

transforming Punjabi society during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Arya Samaj focused

on reforming Hinduism and promoting social change through education and religious

revival, while Singh Sabha aimed to preserve and strengthen Sikh identity in the face of

external religious influences. Both movements contributed significantly to the social,

cultural, and religious landscape of Punjab, leaving a lasting legacy that continues to shape

the region's identity today.

6. Discuss the circumstances and consequences of Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy.

Ans: The Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy, also known as the Amritsar Massacre, occurred on April

13, 1919, during the Baisakhi festival in Amritsar, Punjab. It is one of the darkest events in

Indian history and had a profound impact on the Indian independence movement. The

massacre was a brutal response by the British colonial government to a peaceful protest and

became a symbol of British oppression.

Circumstances Leading to the Massacre

The Jallianwala Bagh tragedy was a direct result of growing dissatisfaction among Indians

over British policies, especially the Rowlatt Act of 1919. This act allowed the British

government to detain individuals without trial, which was perceived as an attack on civil

liberties. It was widely opposed by Indians, and even members of the Imperial Legislative

Council, including prominent leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Madan Mohan Malviya,

condemned it. Gandhi called for a nationwide Satyagraha (nonviolent resistance) against the

act, sparking protests across the country, including in Punjab.

Punjab, in particular, was a hotbed of unrest. Leaders like Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr.

Satyapal organized peaceful protests in Amritsar. However, the British were alarmed,

suspecting that the protests could lead to a larger rebellion. This concern was heightened

after the arrest of Kitchlew and Satyapal, which led to further protests. By April 13, 1919,

martial law was declared in Punjab, banning all public gatherings.

Easy2Siksha

The Massacre at Jallianwala Bagh

On April 13, 1919, a large crowd, unaware of the ban on gatherings, gathered at Jallianwala

Bagh, a public garden enclosed by walls with only a few narrow entrances, to protest the

arrests of Kitchlew and Satyapal. Many people had also come to celebrate the Baisakhi

festival, which made the gathering even larger.

Brigadier General Reginald Dyer, the British officer in charge, saw the gathering as a

violation of martial law. Without warning, Dyer led about 90 soldiers to the Bagh and

ordered them to open fire on the unarmed crowd. The soldiers fired indiscriminately for

about 10 minutes, expending over 1,600 rounds of ammunition. People were trapped in the

enclosed space with no way to escape, as all the exits were blocked by British soldiers. Many

died from gunshot wounds, while others were trampled in the chaos or jumped into a well

to escape the bullets. Official records state that 379 people were killed and over 1,500

injured, although other estimates suggest the death toll was much higher, potentially in the

thousands.

Dyer later admitted that he had not given any prior warning before ordering the shooting

and intended to teach the Indians a "moral lesson" to prevent further rebellion. He also

showed no remorse for his actions, claiming he would have used more firepower if he had it

available.

Consequences of the Massacre

The immediate aftermath of the massacre was a wave of shock and anger across India. The

British tried to suppress news of the massacre, but information quickly spread, fueling

widespread protests. The massacre became a turning point in the Indian freedom struggle,

as it highlighted the racism and brutality of British rule. Even previously moderate Indian

leaders who had advocated for reform within the system became disillusioned with British

rule and demanded complete independence.

1. Indian Response: The massacre led to a significant shift in Indian public opinion.

Mahatma Gandhi launched the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920, advocating for

boycotts of British goods, institutions, and laws. He relinquished the title of Kaiser-i-

Hind, which had been bestowed upon him by the British. Similarly, Rabindranath

Tagore, the renowned poet and Nobel laureate, renounced his knighthood in

protest.

2. International Reactions: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre drew condemnation from

many quarters, including in Britain. Some British leaders, such as Winston Churchill

and former Prime Minister H.H. Asquith, criticized Dyer’s actions, calling them

excessive. A Hunter Commission was set up by the British government to investigate

the incident. However, the commission's report failed to hold Dyer accountable,

leading to widespread anger in India.

3. Rise of Nationalism: The massacre fueled the rise of nationalism in India. It

strengthened the resolve of Indian leaders to fight for complete independence

rather than mere reforms. The tragedy also unified Indians across religious, caste,

Easy2Siksha

and regional lines, as people of all backgrounds were affected by the brutality of

British rule.

4. Martyrdom and Revenge: Many Indians saw the victims of the massacre as martyrs

in the struggle for freedom. One of the survivors of the massacre, Udham Singh, later

avenged the massacre by assassinating Michael O'Dwyer, the Lieutenant Governor of

Punjab at the time, in 1940. Udham Singh’s act of revenge became a symbol of

resistance against colonial oppression.

5. End of Trust in British Rule: The massacre shattered any remaining trust that Indians

had in British governance. Many moderate leaders who had once hoped for a

peaceful transition to self-rule through cooperation with the British now supported

complete independence. The incident also exposed the inherent racism and violence

of colonial rule, as even British officials in India admitted that the massacre was

largely driven by Dyer’s racist attitudes towards Indians.

6. Legacy: Jallianwala Bagh has since become a symbol of resistance and sacrifice in

India's fight for independence. The site has been preserved as a national memorial,

and the massacre is remembered every year as a reminder of the sacrifices made for

India's freedom.

In conclusion, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre was a watershed moment in India's struggle

for independence. The circumstances leading to the tragedy, including the oppressive

Rowlatt Act and the growing unrest in Punjab, set the stage for one of the most brutal

episodes of British colonial rule. The consequences of the massacre were far-reaching,

uniting Indians in their demand for freedom and leading to a shift in the nationalist

movement from demands for reform to a call for complete independence from British rule.

The massacre remains a powerful symbol of the fight against colonial oppression and the

resilience of the Indian people.

SECTION-D

7. Write a detailed note on Gurudwara Reform Movement.

Ans: Gurudwara Reform Movement: A Detailed and Simplified Explanation

The Gurudwara Reform Movement, also known as the Akali Movement, was a major socio-

political and religious movement in Punjab, India, that took place during the early 20th

century. It played a significant role in bringing control of Sikh places of worship, known as

gurdwaras, into the hands of the Sikh community. The movement was driven by the desire

to free these gurdwaras from corrupt management and restore them to their original

purpose as places of worship and community service.

Easy2Siksha

Background: The Need for Reform

To understand why the Gurudwara Reform Movement began, it’s essential to know the

situation in Punjab during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Gurdwaras, which were

sacred places for Sikhs, were often managed by mahants (priests or caretakers). Over time,

many of these mahants became corrupt and misused their authority. They neglected the

religious and spiritual duties they were supposed to perform and, instead, indulged in

personal luxuries. This created resentment among the Sikh community, as they felt that

their holy places were being disrespected and misused.

Key Issues:

1. Corruption of Mahants: Many mahants engaged in immoral activities, like drinking

alcohol and gambling, which went against Sikh teachings. They also diverted the

funds and offerings made by devotees for their personal gain.

2. British Government’s Role: The British colonial rulers supported these mahants

because they helped the British maintain control over the Sikh community. The

British government was reluctant to interfere with the gurdwara management

because it feared losing the support of these mahants.

3. Sikh Religious Decline: With gurdwaras being mismanaged, Sikh religious practices

and principles were being ignored. Many Sikhs felt that their religious identity was

being eroded.

These problems led to widespread dissatisfaction among the Sikh population, and the

demand for reform grew louder. Sikh leaders wanted gurdwaras to be managed according

to Sikh principles, and they aimed to bring back the glory and sanctity of these holy places.

Formation of the Akali Dal

In response to the growing unrest, the Akali Dal was formed in 1920. The Akali Dal was a

political and religious organization created by the Sikhs to lead the movement for gurdwara

reform. The leaders of this organization were committed to liberating gurdwaras from the

control of corrupt mahants and placing them under the management of elected

representatives from the Sikh community.

The Akalis were known for their distinctive blue turbans and their dedication to Sikh

principles. They believed that the gurdwaras should serve as centers of religious worship

and social service. They were also committed to ensuring that the funds of gurdwaras were

used for the welfare of the community, rather than for the personal enrichment of the

mahants.

Key Events of the Gurudwara Reform Movement

The movement officially began in 1920, and it saw several key events that shaped its course.

Some of the most notable incidents during this period include:

1. Nankana Sahib Tragedy (1921): One of the most tragic and significant events of the

Gurudwara Reform Movement occurred at the Nankana Sahib Gurdwara, the

Easy2Siksha

birthplace of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism. The gurdwara was under the

control of a corrupt mahant named Narain Das, who opposed the efforts of the Sikhs

to take over its management.

In February 1921, a group of peaceful Akali protestors led by Kartar Singh Jhabbar marched

to Nankana Sahib to take control of the gurdwara. However, they were met with brutal

violence by the mahant’s men. More than 100 Akali protestors were killed in what became

known as the Nankana Sahib Massacre. This tragedy shocked the Sikh community and

intensified the demand for reform.

2. Morar Declaration (1921): After the Nankana Sahib tragedy, there was widespread

condemnation of the British government’s inaction. The Sikhs, however, continued

their peaceful struggle for gurdwara reform. In response to the growing pressure,

the British government finally intervened. The Morar Declaration of 1921 allowed

Sikhs to take control of gurdwaras, provided that they did so through non-violent

means and adhered to certain conditions set by the British authorities.

3. Akali Agitations: The Akalis organized several non-violent protests, or agitations, to

gain control of key gurdwaras. These protests were often met with brutal

suppression by the British authorities, but the Akalis remained committed to their

cause. One such protest occurred at the Golden Temple in Amritsar, where the Akalis

staged a successful agitation to remove the corrupt mahants from the temple’s

management.

4. Jaito Morcha (1923-1924): Another important event in the Gurudwara Reform

Movement was the Jaito Morcha, which took place in the town of Jaito. The Akalis

organized a peaceful protest to demand the release of a Sikh leader who had been

imprisoned by the British authorities. The British responded with force, arresting

many of the protestors. However, the Akalis continued their peaceful resistance,

which eventually led to the release of the leader and further strengthened the

movement.

Formation of the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC)

One of the most significant outcomes of the Gurudwara Reform Movement was the

formation of the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC) in 1920. The SGPC was

established to manage the affairs of Sikh gurdwaras and ensure that they were run

according to Sikh principles. It was a democratic organization, with its members elected by

Sikhs.

The SGPC took over the management of major gurdwaras, including the Golden Temple in

Amritsar. It played a key role in restoring the religious and social functions of gurdwaras and

ensured that the funds collected at these holy places were used for the benefit of the

community.

Legal Recognition: The Sikh Gurdwaras Act of 1925

Easy2Siksha

The Gurudwara Reform Movement reached a turning point with the passage of the Sikh

Gurdwaras Act in 1925. This act was passed by the British government after prolonged

negotiations with Sikh leaders. The act gave legal recognition to the SGPC and formally

transferred the control of gurdwaras from the mahants to the elected representatives of the

Sikh community.

The Sikh Gurdwaras Act of 1925 also established a legal framework for the management of

gurdwaras, ensuring that they were governed according to Sikh traditions and principles. It

also provided for the creation of gurdwara management committees, which were

responsible for the day-to-day functioning of gurdwaras.

Impact of the Gurudwara Reform Movement

The Gurudwara Reform Movement had several lasting impacts on the Sikh community and

the broader Indian society:

1. Religious Revival: The movement led to a religious revival among Sikhs. Gurdwaras

were restored to their original purpose as places of worship, and Sikh religious

practices were revived. The corrupt mahants were removed, and gurdwaras once

again became centers of spiritual and social activity.

2. Political Awakening: The movement also contributed to the political awakening of

the Sikh community. It gave Sikhs a sense of pride in their religious and cultural

identity and strengthened their resolve to fight for their rights. The Akali Dal, which

was formed during the movement, later became an important political party in

Punjab.

3. Social Reforms: The movement emphasized the importance of social service and

community welfare. Gurdwaras, under the control of the SGPC, began to focus on

education, healthcare, and other social services. This helped improve the socio-

economic conditions of Sikhs in Punjab.

4. Strengthening of Sikh Identity: The movement played a crucial role in strengthening

Sikh identity. By taking control of their religious institutions, Sikhs were able to

preserve their distinct religious practices and beliefs. The SGPC became the

custodian of Sikh religious heritage and played a vital role in preserving Sikh culture.

Conclusion

The Gurudwara Reform Movement was a pivotal moment in Sikh history. It was a peaceful

struggle aimed at liberating gurdwaras from corrupt management and restoring them to

their original purpose as places of worship and service. The movement succeeded in its

goals, thanks to the perseverance of the Akalis and the support of the Sikh community. The

formation of the SGPC and the passage of the Sikh Gurdwaras Act of 1925 were major

milestones in the movement, and they continue to have a lasting impact on Sikh religious

and social life.

Easy2Siksha

This movement not only revived Sikh religious practices but also strengthened the political

and social identity of the Sikh community, making it a significant chapter in the history of

Punjab and India.

8. Discuss the Non-cooperation and Quit India Movement.

Ans: The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) and the Quit India Movement (1942)

were two significant movements led by the Indian National Congress during India’s struggle

for independence. They both aimed to push the British government to grant India

independence, but they differed in their tactics, timing, and scale.

Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922)

The Non-Cooperation Movement was initiated by Mahatma Gandhi in response to a series

of oppressive acts by the British government, such as the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in 1919

and the repressive Rowlatt Act. Gandhi believed in non-violence (ahimsa) and proposed

non-cooperation with the British authorities as a way to peacefully resist colonial rule.

Objectives:

The primary objectives of the Non-Cooperation Movement were:

1. Self-Government: India should be governed by Indians, free from British control.

2. Boycott of British Goods and Institutions: Indians were urged to boycott British

goods, schools, law courts, and resign from government jobs.

3. Swaraj: Gandhi and the Congress aimed to achieve self-rule or "Swaraj" for India.

Key Strategies:

• Boycott of British Institutions: Indians were encouraged to boycott schools, colleges,

and law courts. Lawyers stopped practicing, students quit government schools, and

citizens boycotted British products.

• Swadeshi Movement: The movement promoted the use of locally made products

instead of British goods. People began wearing khadi, a hand-spun cloth, as a symbol

of self-reliance.

• Resignation from Government Jobs: Indians holding positions in government were

encouraged to resign.

Public Response:

The movement gained mass support across India. For the first time, people from different

sections of society, including peasants, traders, students, and women, became part of the

national struggle. Some notable leaders involved were Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru, C.

Rajagopalachari, and Sardar Patel.

Easy2Siksha

Challenges and End of Movement:

• Chauri Chaura Incident (1922): One of the main reasons for the abrupt end of the

movement was the violent incident in Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh. A clash between

the police and protestors led to the killing of 22 policemen. This violence went

against Gandhi’s principle of non-violence, prompting him to call off the movement.

• Despite the premature end, the Non-Cooperation Movement laid the foundation for

future resistance movements, as it demonstrated the strength of mass participation

in India's independence struggle.

Quit India Movement (1942)

The Quit India Movement, also known as the August Kranti, was launched on August 8,

1942, during World War II. It represented one of the final blows to British colonial rule in

India. Unlike the Non-Cooperation Movement, this movement was marked by an urgent

demand for immediate independence.

Background:

In the early 1940s, India was deeply affected by the repercussions of World War II. The

British had dragged India into the war without consulting Indian leaders. The Congress,

under Gandhi’s leadership, demanded that the British leave India so the country could focus

on solving its own problems and chart its own future. The Cripps Mission in 1942, which

offered dominion status for India after the war, was rejected by Congress because it did not

meet their demand for full independence.

Gandhi’s Call:

At the Bombay Session of the Congress, Gandhi gave the famous call “Do or Die”. He urged

Indians to act with courage and to seek independence immediately. This marked the official

start of the Quit India Movement.

Key Elements:

1. Mass Civil Disobedience: Like earlier movements, Gandhi promoted non-violent civil

disobedience, calling for strikes, protests, and boycotts.

2. Leadership Arrested: Almost immediately after the launch, the British government

arrested Gandhi and other major Congress leaders, including Jawaharlal Nehru,

Sardar Patel, and Maulana Azad, leaving the movement without its top leadership.

3. Underground Activity: The absence of leadership led to the rise of an underground

resistance movement. Key figures like Jayaprakash Narayan, Aruna Asaf Ali, and Usha

Mehta organized secret activities, including the setup of an underground Congress

radio station to communicate with the public.

4. Parallel Governments: In some regions, particularly in Satara (Maharashtra) and

Ballia (Uttar Pradesh), local leaders set up parallel governments to challenge British

authority.

Easy2Siksha

Public Participation:

The movement saw widespread participation across India. Students, workers, women,

peasants, and even some government officials took part in strikes, protests, and other acts

of civil disobedience. Notable women leaders like Sucheta Kripalani and Aruna Asaf Ali

played critical roles in sustaining the movement during this period.

Repression:

The British government reacted to the Quit India Movement with brutal force. Mass arrests

were made, with over 100,000 people being jailed. The government imposed curfews,

banned public meetings, and used military force to quell protests. Several leaders and

activists were killed in clashes with the police and military forces.

Significance:

Despite severe repression, the Quit India Movement managed to create a sense of unity and

nationalism among Indians. It sent a clear message to the British government that India’s

patience with colonial rule was running out. While the movement did not immediately

result in independence, it marked a turning point in India’s freedom struggle.

Comparison Between the Two Movements:

1. Objective:

o Non-Cooperation Movement: The aim was to achieve self-rule and protest

British oppression.

o Quit India Movement: The demand was for immediate independence from

British rule.

2. Methods:

o Non-Cooperation Movement: Non-violent protests, boycotts of British

goods, institutions, and services.

o Civil disobedience, mass protests, strikes, and underground activities.

3. British Reaction:

o Non-Cooperation Movement: The British government initially ignored the

movement but later arrested key leaders.

o Quit India Movement: The British reacted harshly, arresting almost all top

leaders immediately and using military force to suppress protests.

4. Public Support:

o Both movements saw significant public participation from various sections of

society. However, the Quit India Movement had more widespread and active

involvement from peasants, workers, and students.

Easy2Siksha

5. Outcome:

o Non-Cooperation Movement: Though it was called off due to the Chauri

Chaura incident, it laid the groundwork for future movements.

o Quit India Movement: While it did not result in immediate independence, it

was a critical factor in the British decision to leave India in 1947.

Conclusion:

The Non-Cooperation Movement and Quit India Movement were crucial milestones in

India's struggle for freedom. Both movements were led by Gandhi and the Congress, and

while they differed in approach and immediate outcomes, they shared the common goal of

freeing India from British colonial rule. The Non-Cooperation Movement demonstrated the

power of mass mobilization and the importance of non-violent protest. The Quit India

Movement showed that Indians were willing to fight until the end for their freedom, even in

the face of brutal repression.

The combined impact of these movements ultimately weakened British control and paved

the way for India’s independence in 1947.

Note: This Answer Paper is totally Solved by Ai (Artificial Intelligence) So if You find Any Error Or Mistake . Give us a

Feedback related Error , We will Definitely Try To solve this Problem Or Error.